Unveiling Truth: Translation of Hindu Scriptures in Persian and Urdu
Khurshid Imam
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Translation of religious texts has been a common practice throughout history. It was often done to understand, govern, or integrate cultures. In India, Muslim rulers translated Hindu scriptures into Persian and later Urdu. This has led to accusations of mistranslation and distortion of Hindu beliefs. This article examines these claims, using historical trends and examples, to show that mistranslations were not deliberate and did not alter Hinduism’s core beliefs.
Historical Trends of Translating Religious Literature
1. Abbasid Caliphate: Greek Texts to Arabic
The Abbasids translated Greek philosophical and scientific texts into Arabic during the 8th–10th centuries. Scholars in Baghdad worked to integrate Aristotle and Plato’s ideas into Islamic thought. Their goal was understanding, not distortion.
2. Roman Empire: Greek to Latin
Romans translated Greek myths, philosophy, and religious texts into Latin after conquering Greece. They adapted Greek practices to Roman culture. This led to reinterpretations but not deliberate misrepresentation.
3. Buddhist Texts in China
Buddhism spread to China from India between the 1st–6th centuries CE. Buddhist scriptures were translated into Chinese to fit local culture. Despite adaptations, core teachings remained intact, helping Buddhism flourish in East Asia.
4. The Christian Bible: Latin to Vernacular
During the Protestant Reformation, leaders like Martin Luther translated the Bible into local languages. This made religious texts accessible to the masses. It was an effort to inform, not mislead.
These examples show that translations were often about understanding and integration, not distortion.
Translations of Hindu Scriptures in Persian and Urdu
1. Razmnama: Mahabharata in Persian
Emperor Akbar commissioned the Persian translation of the Mahabharata, known as the Razmnama. It was a collaborative effort involving Hindu pandits and Muslim scholars. Akbar aimed to foster cultural harmony and understand his diverse empire.
- Universal themes like dharma (duty) were emphasized.
- Hindu scholars ensured accuracy and minimized chances of distortion.
2. Dara Shikoh’s Translation of the Upanishads
Dara Shikoh, Shah Jahan’s eldest son, translated the Upanishads into Persian (Sirr-e-Akbar). He admired their philosophy and sought to explore common ground between Hinduism and Islam.
- Dara viewed the Upanishads as a bridge between Hinduism and Sufism.
- His work reflected respect, not an intent to distort.
3. Akbar’s Patronage of Hindu Texts
Akbar encouraged translations of texts like the Ramayana and the Atharvaveda. Hindu scholars supervised these translations. Akbar’s goal was to govern effectively and promote religious understanding, not undermine Hindu beliefs.
Why Mistranslations Were Unlikely
1. Collaborative Efforts
Translations were joint projects involving both Hindu and Muslim scholars. This reduced the risk of deliberate distortion.
2. Limited Audience
Persian translations were mainly for the Muslim elite and Persian-speaking Hindus. Most Hindus relied on Sanskrit texts and oral traditions, unaffected by these translations.
3. Resilience of Hindu Traditions
Hinduism relied on oral transmission and preserved Sanskrit scriptures. These traditions ensured the survival of the original texts and beliefs.
4. Philosophical Complexity
Hindu scriptures like the Vedas and Upanishads are deeply philosophical. Translating them accurately required significant expertise. Any errors were more likely due to linguistic challenges than malice.
Addressing the Accusation
1. No Evidence of Deliberate Distortion
There is no strong evidence that Muslim rulers intentionally mistranslated Hindu texts. Figures like Dara Shikoh respected Hindu philosophy and aimed for mutual understanding.
2. Preservation of Hindu Beliefs
Hinduism’s adaptability and diversity helped it thrive despite external influences. Accusations of distortion may stem more from modern narratives than historical facts.
3. Global Context of Translation
In other civilizations, translations were tools for understanding and cultural exchange. The accusations against Muslim rulers in India should be viewed within this broader historical trend.
In Fact, Mistranslations Exist in Hindu Scholars’ Work
Interestingly, mistranslations exist even in works by Hindu scholars themselves. For example, misinterpretations related to meat-eating in Hindu texts have been debated. More on this can be found here.
Conclusion
The translation of Hindu scriptures into Persian and Urdu during Muslim rule was aimed at understanding and integration. These translations were collaborative and had limited impact on Hindu traditions. Hinduism’s reliance on oral traditions and Sanskrit texts ensured its resilience.
Historical examples from the Abbasid Caliphate, Roman Empire, and others show that translations were rarely tools of distortion. Revisiting these efforts with a balanced perspective reveals a rich history of cultural exchange and mutual respect.