Allah and “sitting
on throne”- Istawa alal Arsh
***************** By: Khurshid Imam *****************
A. Introduction
A Christian brother
copy-pasted some contents from a website and tried to prove that God is like
human being in Islam. He quoted two ayah
from Quran and emphasized that Allah has human qualities because he sits on a
throne. I was asked to respond. Two ayah
quoted were:
- "He
it is who created the heavens and the earth in six days; then He
mounted the throne." Quran 57:4 - M. M. Pickthall English
Translation.
Then he concluded: The
Quran seats Allah on the throne
- "And
the angels will be on its sides, and eight will, that Day, bear
the Throne of your Lord above them." Quran. 69:17
He pointed: The Quran provides proof that the throne is
actually literal.
In short, his argument
was that as per Quran 57:4 and 69:17:
- Allah
sits on throne.
- This
throne is not metaphorical, but literal.
- This
indicates that Allah has material body.
- Angels will carry the throne of Allah. It means that Allah and throne are physical & literal.
I don’t blame any non-Muslim
for this wrong conclusion. It’s mainly because of:
- Incorrect translation done by Quran translators.
- Incorrect information spread by Muslim scholars while
explaining such ayah of Quran.
- Lack of effort on the part of Muslims in clearing this
misconception.
- Lack of rational approach amongst fellow Muslims.
Little more pondering
over Quran would have presented logical & correct picture of this issue.
B. Language used by God.
“Quran is God’s word”,
is the claim of Muslims. Similarly, Christians and Hindus claim about Bible and
Veda respectively that they are God’s words.
What do we mean by God's
word? Is Almighty God bound to any particular language?
The word of God is
available to us in "language".
Language is invented by human beings. Human being invented Aramaic, Hebrew,
Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian and the revelations of God were in these languages.
Ponder over the chronological order:
Ø In the beginning ONLY God existed. There was no Arabic,
no Sanskrit, no Hebrew and no Aramaic.
Ø Then creation took place. Human being started
living on the earth.
Ø As a result of the intellectual evolution, human
being started using / inventing languages. Sanskrit, Hebrew, Arabic, English
came into existence gradually.
Ø God revealed his scripture in these languages
and detailed about himself using human-languages.
The last point has the
crux of the article. God describes about himself / his actions / his doings
using the language that was invented by human beings. It’s not the case that
God reveals his message in a language that is not understandable for human
beings. Important questions are:
How EXACTLY GOD is?
How God DOES anything?
How God performs any
action?
How exactly God does
creation so that we call him The CREATOR?
How exactly God sustains
his creatures so that we call him The SUSTAINER?
How exactly God sees so
that we call him THE SEER?
... and so on.
Any honest person will
say that "I do not know exactly HOW".
Our mind perceives and
understands things about which we have some experience of seeing / feeling
OR at least there exists something similar to that.
C. There is no example of
likeness of Allah
Imagine a hypothetical
scenario. A 7 month old unborn baby is in the womb of mother. Imagine that
someone from outer world can communicate to him. The baby is told that as of
present he is residing within the "body" of a "human
being". One day he will "come out". Then he can see
lot of "man", "woman", "boy",
"girl", "animals", "plants".
He can sit in "car". He can see huge "mountain",
he can go to "lake" which is full of water. He can see
"computers", "robots", "washing
machine that washes clothes", "TV that shows videos"........
Do you think that above
words will make any sense to the unborn baby? Can he comprehend any of these
things? NO! All these are beyond his perception, beyond his small
"world", beyond his imagination. You can only make a little effort in
indicating nature of these things to the baby. You will use things that are
within his domain to tell about out-of-womb things.
Similarly, everything
that is beyond our material / physical world viz: God, paradise-hell, life of
grave etc. will be understood better when we cease to exist in this physical
world, when we leave this material body. Until then we can hardly comprehend
exact nature of these things.
Now the question is, how
God makes us understand these things? How God tells about Himself? Answer is by using the language human beings
understand.
That is why the Quran
describes beautifully about God in simple words:
لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ “…There is no example of his likeness…”. Quran 42:11
Not only “there exists
nothing that can be compared to God”, but also “there exists nothing that can
be compared with any likeness of Allah”. There is double layer of abstraction
for Allah.
Say: He is Allah
(Almighty God), the One and Only;
Allah, the Eternal,
Absolute;
He begets not, nor is He
begotten;
And there is none like
unto Him. Quran; Quran
112:1-4.
D.
How do we understand an attribute of God?
How do we know Allah? Answer:
By his attributes, qualities.
We say God is Al-Basir i.e. "The
Seer of All ". How he sees everything? Its exact sense we don't know.
A human being also sees.
For me to see I require eyes, eyes that function properly, a source of light,
object, image of object on retina etc. These mediums are required for
completing the action of “SEEING” by a human being.
Seeing of God is
different from seeing of human being. God is beyond comprehension. His actions
are beyond human mind. When you talk about seeing of GOD then all
mediums and processes that are required in case of seeing by a human being, are
eliminated and the end result is achieved. In order for God to see
there is no meaning of eye, source of light, retina, reflection etc. What we
can say for sure is that the end-result i.e. SEEING is achieved. How
exactly God sees, is not known to any human being.
For completing an
action / attribute a human being requires a medium and a process.
When we talk about
the same action / attribute for God then that medium and process are
eliminated. We never know HOW EXACTLY He DOES anything.
When we say God
is As-Sami i.e. The Hearer of All then hearing of God
is different from hearing of human beings. We require ear, a medium where sound
can travel, deciphering power of mind to understand and map the language into
objects etc. However, when we say that God hears then all such mediums are
eliminated and the end result of hearing
is achieved.
When we say God is Al-Khaliq i.e. The Creator then
we are only expressing the end result that He will cause things to come into
existence. How exactly? No one knows. We need initial material, a process, a
plan, a time line, and other favorable conditions for creation to take place. When
“Creation” is used for God then we don’t talk about those mediums that are
required by human beings. We can only say that as an end result creation will come into
existence.
Similarly, if you ponder
over any attribute of God then you will realize that all attributes express the
ultimate end result by eliminating the mediums.
Above points are very important
to understand God or His attribute or His any action.
E. Istawa and Arsh
of Allah
Ø Similarly,
“istawa” when used for Allah is
entirely different from “istawa” for
human beings.
Ø Word “istawa” never means “to sit”. It is
wrong translation.
Ø “istawa” actually refers “to manage”, “to
take control of”. Refer to all such ayah in Quran.
Ø “istawa alal arsh” is used 7 times in
Quran. 7:54, 10:3, 13:2, 20:5 [alil arsh
e istawa], 25:59, 32:4, 57:4 . It is
used as METAPHOR.
Ø Metaphor,
simile, symbolism, personification etc are some literary aspects that add
beauty to a language. For example: “life is not bed of roses”,
“throw some light on this subject”, “he is the wall of his cricket team”, “you are stone hearted”. No one takes meaning of such phrases literally.
Ø Quran too
uses metaphors in order to convey more meaning in lesser words. For example:
the phrase “right hand possess” مَا
مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُكُم is used 12 times in
Quran. No one understands it in literal term. It refers to slaves. Read the
article “Allah and his face, hand, eye
and body” to understand more about this subject.
Ø “Throne”
is a popular metaphor which refers to power or sovereignty.
Ø Arabic
dictionary of Lane also gives same meaning:
Ø
Oxford English
dictionary also gives same meaning:
A ceremonial chair for a
sovereign, bishop, or similar figure;
(the throne) Used to signify
sovereign power:
A popular metaphor used in hindi is
that ‘Politics is all about the Chair’, referring to the POWER of a
position.
Ø It’s
unfortunate on the part of many Muslim scholars that they have translated “istawa-alal-arsh”
in a way that presents Almighty God anthropomorphically.
Ø We are [Allah is] nearer to him
than (his) jugular vein. (Al-Quran 50:16)
Do we interpret this ayah literary and say
that Allah is physically nearer to human being than man’s vein? NO. Then why we
take literal meaning of “istawa-alal-arsh”?
F. Analysis of All ayah that talks about the
throne of Allah [istawa-alal-arsh]
Quran
is the best explanation of Quran. Let’s see how Quran refers to “istawa-alal-arsh”
in the sense of “control/power of God” in every such ayah. Nowhere Quran
indicates that there is a literal / physical throne on which Allah sits.
Note: Incorrect translation is written in “italics and strikethrough”
and better and appropriate translation is written in that place.
Translation of
“yaum” as “day” is another incorrect translation in context with
creation of universe. Correct translation is “interval of time”.
1. Your Guardian-Lord is Allah, Who created the heavens and the earth in six [days] “intervals of time”, and [is firmly established on the throne] “is controlling and managing the sovereignty” ثُمَّ
اسْتَوَىٰ عَلَى الْعَرْشِ: He draws the night as a veil over the day, each seeking the
other in rapid succession:
He created the sun, the moon, and the stars, (all) governed by laws under His command.
Is it not His to create
and to govern? Blessed be Allah, the Cherisher and
Sustainer of the worlds! (7: 54)
Comment:
This ayah beautifully explains about the meaning of “istawa-alal-arsh” by giving mapping between “Creation of God” and “Controlling
and governing by God”.
ü Created the heavens and the earth is controlling and managing the sovereignty [Words istawa-alal-arsh used here]
ü He created the
sun (all) governed by laws under His command
ü His to create and to govern
If you ponder deeply then you find
that left side words refer to “Creation” by Allah and right side words refer to
“control and governing by Allah”. This makes more sense. To take literal
meaning here as “established on throne” is improper.
***********************************************************
2. Verily your Lord is Allah, who created the heavens and the
earth in six [days] “intervals
of time”, and [is firmly established
on the throne] “is controlling and managing the
sovereignty” ثُمَّ اسْتَوَىٰ عَلَى الْعَرْشِ, regulating
and governing all things.
No intercessor (can plead with Him) except after His leave (hath been
obtained). This is Allah your Lord; Him therefore serve ye: will ye not receive
admonition? (10: 3)
Comment:
This ayah too talks about creation and subsequent control of affairs. After
mentioning “istawa” of Allah, ayah
says that he is “regulating and governing with his commands” [yodabbirul-amr]. Of course- Quran is not
saying here that Allah sat on any throne. After creating, God took control of
his creation.
***********************************************************
3. Allah is He who raised the heavens
without any pillars that ye can see; [is
firmly established on the throne] “is controlling and
managing the sovereignty”ثُمَّ اسْتَوَىٰ
عَلَى الْعَرْشِ; He has subjected the sun and the moon (to his Law)! Each one
runs (its course) for a term appointed. He doth regulate all affairs,
explaining the signs in detail so that ye may believe with certainty in the
meeting with your Lord. (13: 2)
Comment:
Here also, see the pattern:
God created / raised heavens Then----->
istawa-alal-arsh ---Then----> God
made laws for sun and moon. God regulates all affairs.
Now, what is more appropriate for istawa-alal-arsh?
“God
established himself on throne” and made laws for creations.
OR
“God took
control of his sovereignty” and made laws for creations.
***********************************************************
4.
A revelation from Him Who created the earth and the heavens on high.
(Allah) Most Gracious [is
firmly established on the throne] “is controlling and
managing the sovereignty”عَلَى الْعَرْشِ
اسْتَوَىٰ (20: 4-5)
***********************************************************
5. He who created the heavens and the earth and all
that is between, in six [days] “intervals of time”, and [is
firmly established on the throne] “is controlling and
managing the sovereignty”: ثُمَّ اسْتَوَىٰ
عَلَى الْعَرْشِ Allah Most Gracious: ask thou, then,
about Him of any acquainted (with such things). (25: 59)
***********************************************************
6. It is Allah Who has created the heavens and the
earth, and all between them, in six [days]
“intervals of time”, and [is firmly
established on the throne] “is controlling and managing the
sovereignty”:ثُمَّ اسْتَوَىٰ عَلَى الْعَرْشِ ye have none, besides Him, to protect or intercede (for
you): will ye not then receive admonition? (32: 4)
7. He it is who created the heavens and the
earth in Six [days] “intervals
of time”, and [is firmly established
on the throne] “is controlling and managing the
sovereignty”ثُمَّ اسْتَوَىٰ عَلَى الْعَرْش He knows what
enters within the earth and what comes forth out of it, what comes down from
heaven and what mounts up to it. And He is with you where-so-ever you may be.
And Allah sees well all that ye do. (57: 4)
***********************************************************
The phrase “istawa-alal-arsh” is used for Allah 7 times. Every time it is used
after mentioning “God’s creation of heavens and the earth”. This phrase can
either mean “God established on throne”, if taken literally OR “God took
control and started governing”, if taken meaning wise. Taking literal meaning
is incorrect as per the context. Correct and natural meaning is “God took
control and started managing affairs”. Even if someone says that former meaning
will be taken then also we need to understand that this is popular metaphor
used for indicating power, control or sovereignty.
G. Importance of “istawa-alal-arsh”
One can question, “So
God started controlling after
creation; does it mean He was not controlling before that?”
Answer:
Whatever existed before this particular creation God was controlling that
[refer to Quran 11:7]. When heavens and earth did not exist then there was no
question of controlling them. Once heavens and earth came into existence,
almighty God started managing its affairs. Another
question can be, ‘Why is there so much of emphasis on “controlling and managing
the universe”?
Answer:
It is important for human being to understand that God only is the ultimate creator and he alone is managing the universe through his laws.
This second part of belief is missing from millions or perhaps billion of
people. A good percentage of agnostic, atheist and Hindus don’t believe in binding
themselves to the commands of God even though they may believe in creation by
God. They don’t consider God as the final law-maker of the universe.
Atheism comes in many flavours. A large chunk of them are ready to believe in the existence of God but after that they don’t want to believe in any revelation, any law of God. They attribute every event to science but stop short of attributing them to laws-of-God.
Similarly
majority of Hindus will agree with you that there is a God, when emphasized, and
then they will put a full stop. They don’t believe further that we need to
abide by laws made by God.
Agnostics
too don’t want to bind themselves to the command of God.
For most of the non-Muslims
god is like an isolated entity that has nothing to do with the management of the
universe; He created the universe and then abandoned it. Quran emphasizes through “istawa-alal-arsh”
that God created the universe and manages it through his laws. All results
occur in this universe based on laws of God.
So, it’s clear what is meant by “istawa alal arsh” of Allah. Those who
believe in literal interpretation of such term, open more doors for problems and allow
themselves to be trapped.
H. What does “Angels ‘carry’ the throne of Allah” mean?
H. What does “Angels ‘carry’ the throne of Allah” mean?
"And the angels will be on its sides, and
eight will, that Day, bear the Throne of thy Lord above them."
Quran. 69:17
Quoting
this ayah, the allegation put was that since angels will ‘bear’ or ‘carry’ the throne of Allah, it certainly means
that throne of Allah is literal and it will be very heavy so that angels are
required to carry it.
There are
many mythological narrations related to throne and angels fabricated by enemies
of Islam. Sadly, we failed to purge out such narrations from Islamic theology. Translation
of Quran was done with a biased mind keeping in view prevalent and popular
narrations related to arsh of
Allah. Due to all this any reader of
Quran is bound to have so many misconceptions about Islam.
Quran
69:15 onwards talks about events of the Day of Judgment. Let’s analyze ayah 17.
وَالْمَلَكُ عَلَىٰ أَرْجَائِهَا وَيَحْمِلُ
عَرْشَ رَبِّكَ فَوْقَهُمْ يَوْمَئِذٍ ثَمَانِيَةٌ
And
the angels will be on its sides, and eight will, that Day, bear the Throne
of thy Lord above them. (69: 17)
Critical word in this ayah is “yahmelo” coming from word “hamal” translated here as “to bear”.
Word “hamal” is used 64 times in Quran. It means to bear, to carry
physically, to be responsible, to perform duty, womb, pregnancy etc. Look below
at the snapshot of the meaning of this word from the Lane dictionary.
Let us
take one ayah for analysis.
مَثَلُ الَّذِينَ حُمِّلُوا التَّوْرَاةَ ثُمَّ لَمْ يَحْمِلُوهَا كَمَثَلِ الْحِمَارِ يَحْمِلُ أَسْفَارًا بِئْسَ مَثَلُ الْقَوْمِ
الَّذِينَ كَذَّبُوا بِآيَاتِ اللَّهِ وَاللَّهُ لَا يَهْدِي الْقَوْمَ
الظَّالِمِينَ ﴿الجمعة: ٥﴾
The similitude of those who were charged with [word hamal
is used] the (obligations of the) Mosaic Law, but who subsequently failed to discharge [hamal
word is used], is that of a donkey which carries [word hamal is used] huge tomes (but understands
them not). Evil is the similitude of people who falsify the Signs of Allah; and
Allah guides not people who do wrong. (62: 5)
In one
single ayah, word “hamal” is used in
two different meaning.
Ø Hummelu: they
were given the RESPONSIBILITY / DUTY.
Ø Yahmelooha: They
failed to carry RESPONSIBILITY / DUTY.
Ø Yahmelo: Carries
Some examples
of the usage of the word “hamal” in Quran
are:
2:286 -
duty or responsibility.
4:112 –
Carrying of sin or being responsible for sin.
7:189 –
bearing or conceiving child.
16:25 –
bearing / carrying own & others deeds.
20:100-101
– bearing burden of deed.
20:111- carrying transgression or
misdeed.
24:54 –
carrying of duty
29:12 –
bearing fault / result
29:13 –
bearing burden of deed
29:60 –
responsibility
33:58 –
bearing of sin
33:72 –
take responsibility.
35:18 -
duty or responsibility.
36:41 –
bear or take responsibility
Many times
this word has been used for carrying responsibility/duty. Angels follow command
of God.
“They [angels] all revere their
Lord, high above them, and they
do all that they are commanded”. Quran 16:50
Let us analyze another ayah for the word “hamal”.
إِنَّا
عَرَضْنَا الْأَمَانَةَ عَلَى السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَالْجِبَالِ فَأَبَيْنَ
أَن يَحْمِلْنَهَا
وَأَشْفَقْنَ مِنْهَا وَحَمَلَهَا
الْإِنسَانُ
“We
did indeed offer the Trust to the Heavens and the Earth and the Mountains; but
they refused to undertake
it, being afraid thereof: but man undertook it…” Quran 33:72
“hamal” is used above
two times; both times – in the meaning
of “to take responsibility”.
Hence: Better
translation of 69:17 will be:
"And the angels will be on its sides, and eight
will, that Day, carry
the duty assigned by your Lord above
them." Quran. 69:17
Angels are creatures of
God. Angels do what they are commanded to do (Quran 66:6, 16:50.) Angels have
been assigned different departments and they perform their duties accordingly.
They are beyond our
material world so we can’t comprehend their essence. “How they perform
something” is also beyond our comprehension.
So, Quran says in 69:17
that eight angels will perform duties assigned by Allah on the Judgment Day. Neither
Quran talks about literal throne or about angels carrying physically any
throne. Conventional mistranslation of Quran and mythological narrations has
given anthropomorphic picture of Allah and thus demean the status of Allah.
To say that “Allah sits on a throne, the throne of Allah
is literal, the throne has footstall, Allah moves”, is clearly
contradicting Quran 42:11 where Allah says that there is no likeness of
likeness of Allah. Allah is beyond any comprehension [Quran 6:103].
Last but not the least - let us ponder over the following statements:
- Robert did not fear any one; he had a heart of lion.
- Robert’s heart sinks whenever he sees the photograph of his dead son.
If I conclude that Mr.
Robert’s heart had some problems and so he was operated upon and a heart of a
lion was transplanted in him, then people will laugh at me. If I would further
say that somehow Mr. Robert’s heart would come out of his body and sink into
water whenever he would see the photograph of his dead son, then people can
consider me mad also. They will say that this person doesn't have any idea
about metaphors. Words “heart of lion” and “heart sinks” have been used in both statements as metaphor.
Similarly, “Arsh of Allah” and “holding arsh” are used as metaphors in Quran.
I. Conclusion
1. “Allah of Islam is like a human being, He sits
on the throne, His throne is carried by angels, this throne is literal” are
some allegations against Islam.
2. Mistranslation of the Quran, biased translation
of the Quran, some fabricated narrations and lack of rational approach are the reasons
for this misconception.
3. Quran says in 42:11 that there is no likeness of
likeness of Allah. We can’t comprehend sense of Allah.
4. Quran says that Allah created the universe and He
started managing and controlling affairs of the universe.
5. Angels will perform their duty assigned to them
by Allah. This is meant in 69:17.
Please go through the article "Does Allah possess Hand, face, eye, body-by Khurshid Imam" for further understanding on the topic.
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Author can be contacted: imam.khurshid@yahoo.com
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